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Kits for nucleoside base-modified mRNA Synthesis

Synthetic mRNAs are widely used as alternative molecules to plasmid DNA for modulating protein levels in a therapeutic and research context. Their biological functionality depends on both a 5’ Cap structure and nucleotide modifications that ensure efficient translation and reduced immunogenicity [1]-[16]. The classic combination of modifications consists of ARCA (Cap 0), 5-methylcytidine and pseudouridine which are conveniently introduced by correspondingly modified nucleotides via in vitro transcription.

 

Beyond this classic combination, other mRNA modifications (e.g. N1-Methylpseudouridine [10], N4-Acetyl-Cytidine [5,6]) or the introduction of a Cap 1 moiety [15,16]) have been demonstrated to increase translation efficiency and/or to reduce immunogenicity as well. The optimal combination of Cap moiety & nucleotide modification however, needs to be individually determined for each mRNA target. Investigations can conveniently be performed with HighYield T7 mRNA Testkits.

Table 1: Overview on available (m)RNA synthesis kit configurations

Modified nucleotide

w/o cap analog

ARCA
( m27,3‘-OGP3G)
Cap 0, G-initiating
Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe)
(m27,3‘-OGP3(2‘-OMe)ApG)
Cap 1, A-initiating
none HighYield T7 RNA Synthesis Kit HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit HighYield T7 Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe) mRNA Synthesis Kit
Pseudo-UTP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(Ψ-UTP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(Ψ-UTP)
HighYield T7 Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe) mRNA Synthesis Kit
(Ψ-UTP)
N1-Methylpseudo-UTP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(me1Ψ-UTP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(me1Ψ-UTP)
HighYield T7 Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe) mRNA Synthesis Kit
(me1Ψ-UTP
5-Methoxy-UTP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(5moUTP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(5moUTP)
HighYield T7 Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe) mRNA Synthesis Kit
(5moUTP)
2-Thio-UTP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(s2UTP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(s2UTP)
HighYield T7 Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe) mRNA Synthesis Kit
(s2UTP)
5-Methyl-CTP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m5CTP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m5CTP)
HighYield T7 Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe) mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m5CTP)
N4-Acetyl-CTP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(ac4CTP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(ac4CTP)
HighYield T7 Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe) mRNA Synthesis Kit
(ac4CTP)
N6-Methyl-ATP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m6ATP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m6ATP)
n/a
N1-Methyl-ATP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m1ATP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m1ATP)
n/a
5-Methyl-CTP & Pseudo-UTP HighYield T7 mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m5CTP/Ψ-UTP)
HighYield T7 ARCA mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m5CTP/Ψ-UTP)
HighYield T7 Cap 1 AG (3‘-OMe) mRNA Synthesis Kit
(m5CTP/Ψ-UTP)
Pseudo-UTP
N1-Methylpseudo-UTP
5-Methoxy-UTP
2-Thio-UTP
HighYield T7 mRNA Uridine Modification Testkit (ARCA)
5-Methyl-CTP
N4-Acetyl-CTP
HighYield T7 mRNA Cytidine Modification Testkit (ARCA)
Pseudo-UTP
N1-Methylpseudo-UTP
5-Methoxy-UTP
2-Thio-UTP
5-Methyl-CTP
N4-Acetyl-CTP
N6-Methyl-ATP
N1-Methyl-ATP
HighYield T7 mRNA Modification Testkit (ARCA)

Products & Ordering

Selected References

[1] Karikó et al.(2005) Suppression of RNA Recognition by Toll-like Receptors: The Impact of Nucleoside Modification and the Evolutionary Origin of RNA. Immunity23:165.
[2] Karikó et al.(2008) Incorporation of Pseudouridine into mRNA Yields Superior Nonimmunogenic Vector With Increased Translational Capacity and Biological Stability. Mol. Ther.16(11):1833.
[3] Kormann et al.(2011) Expression of therapeutic proteins after delivery of chemically modified mRNA in mice. Nature Biotechnology29(2):154.
[4] Warren et al.(2011) Highly Efficient Reprogramming to Pluripotency and Directed Differentiation of Human Cells with Synthetic Modified mRNA. Cell Stem Cell7:618.
[5] Svitkin et al.(2017) N1-methyl-pseudouridine in mRNA enhances translation through eIF2alpha-dependent and independent mechanisms by increasing ribosome density. Nucleic Acid Res45(10):6023.
[6] Andies et al.(2015) N1-methylpseudouridine-incorporated mRNA outperforms pseudouridine-incorporated mRNA by providing enhanced protein expression and reduced immunogenicity in mammalian cell lines and mice. J. Control. Release217:337.
[7] Li et al.(2016) Effects of Chemically Modified Messenger RNA on Protein Expression. Bioconjugate Chem.27:849.
[8] Arango et al.(2018) Acetylation of Cytidine in mRNA Promotes Translation Efficiency. Cell175(7):1872.
[9] Sinclair et al.(2017) Profiling Cytidine Acetylation with Specific Affinity and Reactivity. ACS Chem. Neurosci.12(12):2922.
[10] Dominissini et al.(2016) The dynamic N1-methyladenosine methylome in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Nature530:441.
[11] Wienert et al. (2018) In vitro transcribed guide RNAs trigger an innate immune response via RIG-I pathway. PLoS Biol. 16 (7) :e2005840.
[12] Kim et al. (2018) CRISPR RNAs trigger innate immune responses in human cells. Genome Res. 28 (3):367.
[13] Badieyan et al. (2019) Concise Review: Application of Chemically Modified mRNA in Cell Fate Conversion and Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Translational Medicine8:833.
[14] Hadas et al. (2019) Optimizing Modified mRNA In Vitro Synthesis Protocol for Heart Gene Therapy. Molecular Therapy: Methods & Clinical Development 14:300.
[15] Shatkinet al. (1976) Capping of eukaryotic mRNAs. Cell 9(4):645.
[16] Gallowayet al.(2019) mRNA cap regulation in mammalian cell function and fate. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1862(3):270.