GTPase Effectors

GDP-bound inactive G-proteins can be opened up by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) causing the dissociation of GDP and the subsequent binding of GTP. This switches "on" the GTP signal transduction pathway alllowing the binding and activation of downstream effectors like ion channels or enzymes including adenylyl cyclases, kinases → Molecular Biology, and phosphatases → Molecular Biology.